Many produce specialized structures that can easily break away and disperse. Apical cell undergoes several divisions and forms a mass of primary androgonial cells surrounded by a single celled layer of jacket cell. The wounded part produces a protonema. Although the evolutionary origin of two kinds of spores is unknown, the development of megaspores in living plants suggests that differences in nutrition in the two kinds of sporangia are significant. Thus a pore is formed. Lower stalk cell divides further and forms the stalk of antheriduim.
The main body contains a mass of spermatogenesis cells. Vegetative reproduction It takes place by different ways: a By decay: The prostrate branches die. The capsule is differentiated into three regions, the aophysis, theca and operculum. In primitive ferns, such as and , the spores are borne upon a specialized axis, the fertile spike. The paraphyses assist in the liberation of antherozoids. The inner cell gives rise to lower embedded part of the stalk. During development, some of the potentially spore-bearing is used as nutrient by the sporocytes as they complete the meiotic divisions that result in colourless kidney-shaped spores.
A capsule may contain from four, to more than a million, spores, depending on the species. Each sporophyll is associated with one yellow to orange kidney-shaped sporangium. They are able to do this by a number of different methods, much the same as Liverworts. These cells are surrounded by cortex and epidermis. The epical cells differentiate into operculum.
The free distal end of the antheridium is differentiated into a caplike structure called operculum. The peripheral cells divide to form jacket initials. The female shoot emerges laterally from the base of the male shoot and goes higher up. Thus a pore is formed. Foot: It is a poorly developed conical structure, embedded in the apex of archegonial branch.
They help in the process of soil formation Pedogenesis. Filamentous, straplike, or membranous, it grows along the soil surface. It consists of 3-4 layers of thin-walled cells. The leaves are small, ovate, sessile and green. Sporogonium or sporophyte The sporophyte in Funaria is commonly called sporogonium. The hydroids are empty cells. It is, to a certain degree, dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrients such as water and mineral salts and, in some cases, even for elaborated foods.
structure and development of Gametophyte of Funaria (Moss) ~ Notes And Study Material for Exam Papers
The seta is long, slender and conducts water and nutrients to the capsule. The outer peristome teeth are hygroscopic which show inward or outward movements according to the presence or absence of moisture in the environment. Then periclinal wall produce four central cells and a ring of eight peripheral cells. The peristome teeth are hygroscopic. The ratios of male to hermaphroditic gametophytes vary among species but are relatively uniform within a species. These cells give rise to trabeculae. The prothallus contains both archegonia and antheridia.
This cell increases in size and divides into upper apical cell and lower stalked cell. In region of apophysis, the endothecium cells divide repeatedly to form conducting strand. It is borne on short stalk. Under certain circumstances, it breaks into several fragments. Each stoma has an annular guard cell with an opening in the middle that opens into a small air space. The microscopic male gametophyte is composed essentially of a single antheridium, which produces biflagellate sperm. The headless fragment has to regenerate a complete head.
Alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids -Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism. It is 1-3 cm in height, green and is monopodially branched. It is small 1 to 3 cms high and bears slender, erect, radial stem covered with small, simple leaves. The paraphyses cells contain chloroplasts. They are archegonia which develop from an apical cell at archegonial branch which functions as archegonial initial cell which cuts off 3 peripheral cells and an axil cell.
People use fragmentation to artificially propagate many plants via , , , , and , such as , , and. They also produce , for example in the splash-cups of , that are easily broken off and distributed. These cells have intercellular spaces. Its outermost boundary is surrounded by a single layered thick epidermis, interrupted at places by stomata. Prior to splitting, the animal may develop furrows at the zone of splitting.
The venter is surrounded by a two layered jacket whereas the around the neck is single layer. The seta is a long stalk. These cells are covered with epidermis. They bear sex organs at their apices. The peripheral cells surround the axial cell. Thus, the single-layered long neck of the archegonium of Funaria have double origin, one from primary cover cell and the other from central cell.
